Nigerian English - Culture and Language of Nigeria

Nigerian English - Culture and Language of Nigeria The assortments of the English language that are utilized in the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the most crowded nation in Africa. English is the official language of Nigeria, a previous British protectorate. English (particularly the assortment known as Nigerian Pidgin English) capacities as a most widely used language in this multilingual nation. Models and Observations: The range of English in Nigeria ranges from Standard English through a progressively broad English whose structures are impacted by the primary languages, by the Indian English of numerous dealers and educators, and by WAPE [West African Pidgin English], which is some of the time gained as a first language in such urban zones as Calabar and Port Harcourt, as a rule alongside at least one neighborhood dialects. Its numerous structures reflect both native language and WAPE impact. Albeit various Pidgin word references have been aggregated, it has not yet been normalized. Pidgin has been utilized in exposition by numerous journalists, including Chinua Achebe, as a vehicle for verse by Frank Aig-Imoukhuede, and for show by Ola Rotimi.(Tom McArthur, The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford Univ. Press, 2002)[M.A.] Adekunle (1974) qualities all of standard Nigerian Englishs Nigerian uses in lexis and language structure to impedance from the first language. It is very simple to show that w hile a few uses can be so credited, by far most, in any event in Educated Nigerian English, emerge from the typical procedure of language advancement including a narrowing or expansion of importance or the formation of new figures of speech. Most such uses cut over all first-language foundations. For instance, when travel is utilized in the sense to be away, as in My dad has voyage ( My dad is away), it's anything but an exchange of a first-language articulation into English, yet an alteration of the action word to travel. Â Â (Ayo Bamgbose, Identifying Nigerian Uses in Nigerian English. English: History, Diversity, and Change, ed. by David Graddol, Dick Leith, and Joan Swann. Routledge, 1996) Nigerian Pidgin English [Pidgin English], it tends to be contended, has had a considerably more significant capacity than English in Nigeria, at any rate in the southern regions, since around 1860. The quantity of its speakers, the recurrence of its uses and the scope of its capacities have been extending since the time its first development from neighborhood languages of Antera Dukes type when the requirement for an interethnic most widely used language emerged. Expanding social and geological portability have persistently added to this development. Regardless of whether the gauge of 30% pidgin speakers in Nigeria is a practical figure is difficult to say.(Manfred Gã ¶rlach, Even More Englishes: Studies 1996-1997. John Benjamins, 1998) Lexical Features of Nigerian English [E.O.] Bamiro (1994: 51-64) gives the accompanying instances of words that have created uncommon implications in Nigerian English...The nearness of Citroã «n and Volkswagen vehicles has prompted the imaginative and clever authoring of the words footroã «n and footwagen. They needed to do portions of the excursion by footroã «n just methods they needed to walk a portion of the way. Different coinages incorporate ricobay hair (a well known Nigerian haircut), white-white (the white shirts worn by schoolchildren), and watchnight, which implies something like keeping awake during that time to observe New Years Eve or some different festival.Ellipsis is normal with the goal that he is a psychological methods he is a psychological patient. ...Cutting, regular additionally in Australian English, is visit. Perms in the accompanying model is a short or cut type of stages: We would not have burnt through our time pursuing perms.(Andy Kirkpatrick, World Englishes: Implications for Internation al Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007)Nigerian English has an entire host of what we consider generalized expressions of greetings that would strike most local English speakers as inquisitive, best case scenario and boundless at the very least. While a portion of these expressions are inventive coinages or semantic expansions dependent on the socio-social uniqueness of Nigerian social articulations which the English language hasnt lexicalized, others are the results of a lacking recognition with the shows and figures of speech of the English language.Say me well to him/her/your family, and so on. Nigerians utilize this ungraceful verbalism when they need to send articulations of generosity to somebody through someone else. This remarkably Nigerian English articulation would be perplexing to local speakers of the English language since it is basically off-kilter, linguistically mistaken, and unidiomatic.Whatever it is, the articulation has achieved colloquial status in Nigerian English and ought to presumably be protected and sent out to different pieces of the English-talking world as Nigerian phonetic innovation in English.​Â (Farooq A. Kperogi, Nigeria: Top 10 Peculiar Salutations in Local English. AllAfrica, Nove mber 11, 2012) Particular Uses of Prepositions in Nigerian English Numerous researchers of Nigerian English have recognized the inclination to preclude the relational word to in the collocation empower somebody/something to accomplish something as one of the key highlights of our tongue of the English language. Empower and to are constantly hitched in American English and British English; one can't show up without the other. So where Nigerians would compose or state I thusly apply for an advance to empower me purchase a vehicle, British or American English speakers would compose or state I therefore apply for a credit to empower me TO purchase a car.While Nigerians cheerfully overlook relational words when we utilize empower, challenge, answer, and so forth., we happily pluck some from the air and addition them where they are ordinarily not utilized in local assortments of the English language. A model is the expression demand FOR. In American and British English solicitation is never trailed by a relational word. For instance, where Nigerians would state I mentioned FOR a credit from my bank, local speakers of the English language would compose I mentioned an advance from my bank.(Farooq A. Kperog, Nigeria: Prepositional and Collocational Abuse in Nigerian English. Sunday Trust [Nigeria], July 15, 2012)

How Apple INC supply issues effect the demand of its products such as Essay

How Apple INC flexibly gives impact the interest of its items, for example, Iphone, IPAD - Essay Example There are a few sorts of flexibly speculations dishonored on the idea of items. By and large we utilize the flexibly chain framework dependent on following significant segments as given underneath. Production line: The processing plant is the essential segment and the purpose of beginning for any flexibly chain. On the off chance that a processing plant has issues in the creation, the entire gracefully chain will endure because of absence of the merchandise or the nature of the provided items relying on the issue separately. Wholesaler: The merchant has a supporting job for an organization in a gracefully chain. He informs the organization about the size with respect to the item to be produced. In the event that a merchant is having issues, at that point the flexibly chain will endure because of the fumble as far as broken appropriation. Stockist: A stockist goes about as a channel between the wholesaler and the entire dealers just as show rooms. The essential distinction between a m erchant and a stockist is that the wholesaler buys the things as a mass legitimately from the organization while the stockist buys the things at a generally littler scope from the wholesaler relying on the nearby prerequisites of the market. Entire deal: An entire vender goes about as another channel between the retailers and mass sellers. ... Retailers: They are the wellspring of items for the end clients by the assistance of organization support and distributor’s great flexibly chain. They additionally assume a viable job in fulfilling the end client by giving item information and assurance and guarantee also. End clients: End clients are the fundamental segment of a business. Every single organization plans its advertising and creation procedures to draw in end clients as clients. They do it by encouraging the end clients in various manners. Outcomes OF BREAKING OF SUPPLY CHAIN Companies contribute vigorously on creating client request about their item through publicizing. Particularly in advanced mobile phones, scratch pad, PC industry clients have variable options in this way, when the client request have been set up the producer needs to guarantee the persistent gracefully of the item to keep up the client dedication. Organizations which neglects to do so may free their client steadfastness. Following are some key issues can be raised if flexibly line break at the hour of interest: NEED OF A NEW MARKETING CAMPAIGN: Once the interest created in the market by the promoting efforts the provider should satisfy the client request. In any case client may went to different sellers. In this serious period every item has a few opponents in the market. Consequently, when the client would have turned aside towards other product offering or fabricates then in such circumstances the organization needs to re structure the old advertising methodologies, in light of the fact that the client psyche might not have any impact from old showcasing approaches. This new promotions and showcasing may cause a tremendous cost over the organization deals. In this manner, organizations are extremely cautious in keeping up the gracefully line un-broken. Establishment/DISTRIBUTOR, FIELD FORCE WILL LOOSE TRUST ON

Friction and Shoe Slide

|Name: Brennan Gedney |Date: November 16, 2011 | Graded Assignment Lab Report Answer the inquiries, utilizing total sentences. At the point when you have completed, present this task to your instructor by the due date for full credit. (9 focuses) |Score | 1. In Part 1, did the power of rubbing on the shoe rely upon the heaviness of the shoe? On the off chance that the two are connected, for what reason right? What does the slant of the line on the diagram of power of grinding versus eight speak to? Clarify utilizing your information. Answer: The frictional power depended on the heaviness of the shoe. The more mass a shoe had, the huge frictional power was required. The more weight a shoe has, the greater gravity pulls on the shoe. This implies there is a bigger ordinary power, which increased by a similar coefficient of rubbing gives a bigger frictional power. The incline of the line of rubbing versus weight speaks to the rate at which the frictional power increments because of weigh t. (8 focuses) |Score | 2. Improves on a b-ball court than a dress or move shoe? Why or why not? Clarify utilizing information from Parts 1 and 2. Answer: An athletic shoe doesn't work better than a dress shoe on a ball court. Athletic shoes have more grasp than dress shoes, and in this way require more power to move. In view of my information, the dress shoe requires less applied power to move than an athletic shoe. (8 focuses) |Score | 3. On the off chance that you needed the athletic shoe to slide quicker on a surface, what may you do to the shoe? Give at any rate two different ways to make the shoe slide quicker, and clarify as far as the power of grating and the coefficient of rubbing. Answer: To make a shoe slide quicker, you may diminish the heaviness of the shoe. This would diminish the typical power, and in this manner the power of erosion, permitting the shoe to slide quicker. Another approach to slide the shoe quicker is slide it down a slanted plane. This would diminish the coefficient of static erosion in light of the fact that the point utilized in  µs = tan ? would be littler. |Your Score |___ of 25 |

Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021 Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021"> During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . Happy New Year, Hultians! . Happy New Year, Hultians! .

A Critical Analysis Of Dr. Seuss - 1454 Words

When children are first learning to read, teachers and parents supply them with straight-forward, amusing books with a clear and understandable moral. Books by the most famous children authors, such as Dr. Seuss, teach their young readers basic messages about life. Many of the most renowned children books deliver a strong message of the importance of family, friendship, equality, and acceptance. As the children get older, the morals of their books become less obvious and more complex, and when they are nearing adulthood the moral may be taken out completely. However, most of these books, especially ones that are considered works of literary fiction, replace the moral with something that is often similar- the theme. Theme, the central idea where the author attempts to demonstrate a generalization of human behavior or society, often gives the reader insight into how others’ perceive the world. Although the reader may not fully accept the theme, one should always reflect upon wha t the author presents in his or her story. In commercial fiction, the theme of the story often aligns with the readers’ views. However, the theme of literary fiction tends to challenge the reader’s views and beliefs. The reason why â€Å"The Lottery†, â€Å"The Necklace†, and â€Å"The Sniper† are all celebrated as some of the most powerful short stories is because of the insightful themes that they present to the reader. In â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson attempts to convey the theme thatShow MoreRelatedDr. Seuss’S Long-Lasting Message Surpasses Written Words1513 Words   |  7 PagesDr. Seuss’s Long-Lasting Message Surpasses Written Words Alone Well-written and inspirational literature not only has the ability to carry a reader into another world but they are able to accomplish this feat while simultaneously delivering deep messages that surpass the written text. 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A Global History of Modern Historiography by Iggers, Georg G., Q Book Report/Review

Essays on A Global History of Modern Historiography by Iggers, Georg G., Q. Edward Wang, and Supriya Mukherje Book Report/Review The paper "A Global History of Modern Historiography by Iggers, Georg G., Q. Edward Wang, and Supriya Mukherje" is a delightful example of a literature review on category. History of historiography focuses almost exclusively on the west. The book offers modern historiography history from a global perspective. The book takes into consideration the exchange of culture across the world, which was spearheaded by globalization, modernization, and the westernization process ( Iggers, Wang, and Mukherjee 10). The globalization of historical researches has relatively separated historiography traditions that existed in Southeast Asia, West, Middle East, and India. With time, the nationalist and academic historiographies developed in the entire countries. During the 20th century, political and nationalist historical writing got new challenges from cultural history, transnational Islamic historiography, and postmodernism. When the transformations of historical literature are traced over the pas t two or so centuries, the transformation is based on the professionalization, which served as a model for western people and non-western historical research.   Similarly, it examines the post-colonial thought and postmodern thought, which established the concepts of scientific historiography. The book is focused on various schools of historical thought, which only refers to different historiography institutional backgrounds at various points of the literature ( Iggers, Wang, and Mukherjee 13). Finally, the book discusses world history development and globalization history beyond the national school since the cold war ended.The main objective of the book is how the non-western historians adapted the western ideas and various approached rooted in their specified cultures. However, the book lacks the economist and social context of scholarship across various countries. Despite the shortcoming in the book, its concept is innovative and comprehensive and is easily readable to people of all calibers ( Iggers, Wang, and Mukherjee 15).

Classical Management Theory free essay sample

Theory and Leadership Communication Communication is a channel that we use everyday to convey ideas, thoughts and exchange information. Communication consists three elements: sender, receiver and message. Stephen Robbins (2003) defines communication as the transference and understanding of meaning. Communication requires the sender and receiver sharing common language to enable the information transferred to receiver and receiver is able to understand the meaning of the message. In an organization, it is important to have effective communication which ot only helps to create mutual understanding between manager and staff at work but also better team work. That is, it is essential to have interactive communication between them. However, in classical management theory, it is pointed out that communication is a one- ­? way downward information flow from superintendents to subordinates in organizations. Superintendents make decisions and pass the decision results to subordinates. Subordinates have to obey orders and are not allowed to ask for re- ­? decision. Does one- ­? way downward communication make better leadership communication in an organization? This essay will xplore three classical management theories: scientific management (Frederick Taylor), administrative management (Henri Fayol) and bureaucratic management (Max Weber). And respectively what is good leadership communication and how to develop it would be further discussed. Firstly, analyzing what communication skill should be needed within different communication scopes. Specifically, persuasion and emotional quotient are developed for a leadership to forward communication effectively. Finally, different organizational cultures contribute to different communication methods to analyze theirs strengths and weaknesses of he methods. Classical management theory is the oldest formal management theory. There are three principal managements grouped into classical management theory: administrative management, bureaucratic 21878 Organisational Dialogue: Theory and Practice Chen- ­? Yu Huang (11366174) 1 Assignment 1: Essay 4 April 2012 Question 1 - ­? Classical Management Theory and Leadership Communication management and scientific management. At the beginning, three classical management theories are briefly introduced. Scientific management was the first classical management theory promoted by Frederick Taylor (1911). This theory advocated sing scientific method to establish an organization and to choose, train, educate and develop a worker in order to form standardization to increase productivity. Next, Administrative management was recognized by Henri Fayol (1916). He carried out five primary functions and fourteen principles of management. The five functions of management are planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. Some more essential principles are authority, division of work, unity of direction and unity of command. The last one was bureaucratic management by Max Weber. He believed that any organization should base on an uthority to control the situation to achieve the goal. Also, he strictly regulated specific roles, rights and responsibility to a specific staff. He divided organization into three levels: highest- ­? leadership, second- ­? managers and general- ­? workers. In classical management theory, some viewpoints seem to be considered thoughtlessly but some are still useful now. Every management theory has its strengths and weaknesses. The classic management theory has its strengths to the management in organizations. In the theory, organizations are described like machines and analyzed machine- ­? like organization from three spects: specialisation, standardisation and predict ability (Miller, 2011). Firstly, specialization indicated every part of machine has its function and works individually. For example, in a restaurant, it might consist of waiters, chefs, cleaners, cashiers and bar tenders. Each position has its own responsibilities - ­? division of labor - ­? to contribute to the operation of the restaurant. Secondly, standardisation, this includes the part of replaceability. This is, similar machines are designed to use same components that could be easily replaced in case one component is 21878 Organisational Dialogue: Theory and Practice Chen- ­? Yu Huang (11366174) 2 Assignment 1: Essay 4 April 2012 Question 1 - ­? Classical Management Theory and Leadership Communication out of work. For example, if a light bulb is out of work, a new one could be easily bought with any brand and still could match the table lamp. The last aspect is predictability. On the basis of specific rules and same standards, machine- ­? like organizations are considered that they have same problems with others; hence they can solve them in the same way (Miller, 2011). Therefore, in the classical theory, it helps managers to predict the workload and have better control of the ehavior of workers (Mahmood and Basharat, 2012). Based on the above, in summary, the goal of classical management theory is to find out one â€Å"best way† in order to form the most effective workers leading to maximized benefits. Therefore, the theory is beneficial to an organization repetitive and routine work. For instance, in military, there is the strict standard and bureaucratic management, which is the most effective way during wars. It also works in manufacturing and service industries. Thus, the classical management theory is appropriate to apply in an organization which is in a stable environment. Nevertheless, in odern days, thanks to advanced technology, there are more and more repetitive and routine works that are being replaced by machine. In the global and high- ­? technology generation, the classical management theory has some weaknesses which should be mentioned. Firstly, the classical management theory may be appropriate for static condition but not for dynamic condition such as technologic industry. It is easier to have incorrect prediction when organization is in fluctuating condition. Hahn (2007) admits that organizations are always influenced by external situations, however, classic management theory show the image hat was not influenced by external others. Secondly, the theory emphasizes profit maximization and centralized decision- ­? making. They thought organization as a machine and employees as components. It points out that employees only work for their money, and caring about economic needs but fails to see employees’ social and job satisfaction n eeds. Moreover, it 21878 Organisational Dialogue: Theory and Practice Chen- ­? Yu Huang (11366174) 3 Assignment 1: Essay 4 April 2012 Question 1 - ­? Classical Management Theory and Leadership Communication ignores the employees’ interaction in the organization and the importance of ommunication between managers and staffs. Weijrich and Koontz (1993) points out that there is a unidirectional downward influence on communication in classical management theories. Decisions are made at top level and passed on to lower level. No any suggestions are taken from the bottom side. Also, according to Kaul (2006), each organization worker is the contribution to the organization and this is important and makes towards its growth. The members in it are constantly interacting with each other and with people outside the company. Therefore, the followings are important to explore some views to make good leadership ommunication nowadays. As leadership communication, it could be defined that leader transfers specific information and messages to influence, control, motivate or inspire one employee, one team or one organization to action. Having good communication skill creates others to easily understand and trust as a leader. A Harvard Business School study says that the individual who gets ahead in business is the person who â€Å"is able to communicate, to make sound decisions, and to get things done with and through people† (Bowman, Jones, Peterson, Gronouski Mahoney 1964). As a result, good communication is an important skill to very leader. Firstly, this section analyzes three different levels of leadership communication from the base level: core communication, second level: managerial communication to third level: corporate communication (Barrett, 2006). The first and basic level is called core communication, which is mentioned on the indirect interaction. Three main elements are communication strategy, writing and speaking skills. An effective communication depends on strategy approaches.